With the help of Chihuahua's governor Luis Terrazas, liberal national leader Benito Juárez (1806–1872) resisted the French occupation in Chihuahua in the mid-1860s.Ĭhihuahua was a central battleground during the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). Yet, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 gave the United States a significant part of a territory previously considered part of Chihuahua. After Texas achieved independence, Chihuahua resisted an effort to annex the state to the United States. It almost entirely achieved its goal, nearly wiping out the indigenous population. The first state constitution was ratified in 1825.Īn ethnic war that sought to exterminate Apache and Comanche indigenous people in 1830 caused much bloodshed. Chihuahua officially became a state of Mexico in 1824. Later, the region of Durango was separated from Chihuahua to create a new province. The Plan of Iguala of 1821 established the framework that consolidated the new republic. Yet, by 1821 the inevitable Mexican independence led leaders in Chihuahua to join the new country. The Independence War provoked Chihuahua hacienda owners and miners to side with the royalist forces against the independence movement. The interest Roman Catholic priests had in converting the indigenous people motivated several interventions by the Spanish crown to reduce tensions in the region. Tensions developed between the miners and the hacienda owners, who were interested in forcing indigenous groups to work as slaves. The growth of the mining industry in the 17th century generated more economic activity but also provoked more indigenous uprisings. Yet, the Spanish colonizers only loosely controlled the region during most of the 16th century. In 1598, the military garrisons known as El Paso and Ciudad Juárez were first built. Some Franciscan (Roman Catholic) missions and the Carapoa villages (which are now a single town) were also founded in the mid 1500s. The first Spanish settlements date back to the 16th century, when haciendas (country estates) and mining centers were first established. The first Spaniard to visit was Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, whose expedition covered territory from the US state of Florida to the Mexican state of Sinaloa. Among them were the Taraumara, Apache, Comanche, and Guarojío. When the Spaniards first arrived, Chihuahua was inhabited by more than one hundred different indigenous groups. The Río Bravo flows east to the Gulf of Mexico. The Conchos River joins the Río Bravo (known as the Rio Grande in the United States) along the Texas border. Rivers include the Papigochic, Urique, Batopilas, and Basasseachi. Rivers run generally west from the mountains and reach the Golfo de California. The rest of the state is made up of high plateau. Chihuahua's sierras have steep peaks with narrow gorges. The natural regions of Chihuahua are plateau and mountains ( sierras). Chihuahua has sixty-seven municipalities. Chihuahua is bordered on the north by the US states of New Mexico and Texas, on the south by the Mexican state of Durango, on the east by the Mexican state of Coahuila, on the west by the Mexican state of Sonora, and on the southwest by the Mexican state of Sinaloa. It has an area of 245,945 square kilometers (94,960 square miles), about one-third the size of the US state of Texas. Chihuahua, the largest state, lies in northern Mexico.
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